Table 2. CCU LCA guidelines used in this study

Title Country Objectives & Key Features
NETL CO2U LCA Guidance Ver. 2 USA (DOE/NETL) 2022 Guideline to evaluate CCU projects in the US- Guidance for consistent LCA by CCU projects operator under DOE- Overview of the LCA framework and procedures for conducting and reporting
NETL 45Q Addendum USA (DOE/NETL) 2024 Policy purpose of supporting tax credit eligibility in the US- Supplementation of CO2U LCA Guideline aligned with the 45Q tax credit- Specification of LCA system, functional unit, reference product definition, and emission reduction calculation methods
LCA4CCU Guidelines EU (EU Commission) 2022 Common evaluation framework for CCU- Covering a wide range of technological pathways and products- Systematic summary of key LCA issues and considerations based on ISO 14010/14011, with recommendations
GCI TEA/LCA Guideline Ver.2 Global (GCI, RWTH) 2022 General guideline to verify the environmental impact of CCU technologies- Integrated guideline for both techno-economic analysis (TEA) and LCA- Approaches for low-TRL applications, introduction of Social LCA, and integrated indicator-based evaluation
Guideline for CCU LCA South Korea (KRICT) 2019 Aimed at assessing environmental impact reduction of CCU- detailed LCA procedures and guidelines for quantifying GHG emission for CCU researchers