Table 3. Key parameters and emission factors (per 1 Chinse cabbage)

Type	Parameter	Applied LCI DB	Unit	Main emission source	Emission (kg CO2-eq)
Input	Fertilizer (Urea + NPK + etc.)	Korean Guideline + IPCC	kg/cabbage	Fertilizer manufacturing, soil N2O emission	0.1294
	Pesticides (Herbicide, etc.)	Korean DB (2023)	g AI/cabbage	Active ingredient production	0.0027
	Mulching film (LDPE)	Korean DB + Ecoinvent	kg/cabbage	Production + incineration	0.0701
	Electricity (irrigation)	Korean EF 2021	kWh/cabbage	Motor operation	0.0365
	Packaging (cardboard box)[10]	Korean MOF DB	kg/cabbage	Box production	0.1907
Output	CO2	Fuel, electricity, material	kg/cabbage	Combustion, manufacturing	0.814
	N2O	Soil (fertilizer, compost)	kg/cabbage	Direct soil emission (IPCC Tier 1)	0.1191
	CH4	–	–	Excluded (cradle-to-gate boundary)	–